Sosialisme indonesia menurut sukarno biography

President of Indonesia from 1945 to 1967

"Soekarno" redirects here. For the 2013 Indonesian film, see Soekarno (film).

In this Indonesian name, there is no family name nor a patronymic.

Sukarno (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967.

Sukarno was the leader of the Indonesian struggle for independence from the Dutch colonialists. He was a prominent leader of Indonesia's nationalist movement during the colonial period and spent over a decade under Dutch detention until released by the invadingJapanese forces in World War II. Sukarno and his fellow nationalists collaborated to garner support for the Japanese war effort from the population, in exchange for Japanese aid in spreading nationalist ideas. Upon Japanese surrender, Sukarno and Mohammad Hattadeclared Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945, and Sukarno was appointed president. He led the Indonesian resistance to Dutch re-colonisation efforts via diplomatic and military means until the Dutch recognition of Indonesian independence in 1949. As a result, he was given the title "Father of Proclamation."

After a chaotic period of parliamentary democracy, Sukarno established an autocratic system called "Guided Democracy" in 1959 that successfully ended the instability and rebellions in the country. In the early 1960s Sukarno embarked on a series of aggressive foreign policies under the rubric of anti-imperialism and personally championed the Non-Aligned Movement. These developments led to increasing friction with the West and closer relations with the USSR. After the events surrounding the 30 September Movement of 1965, the military general Suharto largely took control of the country in a Western-backed military overthrow of the Sukarno-led government. This was followed by repression of real and perceived leftists, inc

Period of Indonesian history from 1959 to 1966

Guided Democracy (Indonesian: Demokrasi Terpimpin), also called the Old Order (Indonesian: Orde Lama), was the political system in place in Indonesia from 1959 until the New Order began in 1966. This period followed the dissolution of the liberal democracy period in Indonesia by President Sukarno, who centralized control in the name of political stability. He claimed to have based the system on the traditional village system of discussion and consensus, which occurred under the guidance of village elders. On the national level, however, this meant centralized rule under Sukarno: martial law, a massive reduction in civil liberties and democratic norms, and the Republic of Indonesia Armed Forces (in particular the Indonesian Army) and Communist Party of Indonesia acting as major power blocs.

Sukarno proposed a threefold blend of nationalism, religion, and communism into a co-operative Nasakom or Nas-A-Kom governmental concept. This was intended to satisfy the four main factions in Indonesian politics—the army, the secular nationalists, Islamic groups, and the communists. With the support of the military, he proclaimed Guided Democracy in 1959 and proposed a cabinet representing all major political parties including the Communist Party of Indonesia, although the latter were never actually given functional cabinet positions.

Background

The liberal democracy period in Indonesia, from the re-establishment of a unitary republic in 1950 until the declaration of martial law in 1957, saw the rise and fall of six cabinets, the longest-lasting surviving for just under two years. Even Indonesia's first national elections in 1955 failed to bring about political stability.

In 1957, Indonesia faced a series of crises, including the beginning of the Permesta rebellion in Makassar and the army takeover of authority in South Sumatra, due to the increasing dissatisfacti

Throughout the 1950s, efforts by both the government and the military to root out corruption put some of Indonesia’s most prominent financial and economic policymakers behind bars. In a large round-up of corruption suspects carried out by the military in 1957 many prominent policymakers, including Bank of Indonesia’s first governor, Jusuf Wibisono, and economists such as Sjafruddin Prawiranegara, Ong Eng Die, and Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, were implicated. Throughout the nation’s history, the position of policymakers has been precarious. Only during the New Order did the offices of those in charge of determining Indonesia’s policy direction become relatively safe from scrutiny. A strong state was what was needed to create this ‘safe space’, something that was achieved by both the colonial and the New Order regimes.

How to ensure bureaucratic authority in an open and politically active society was the big question of the 1950s. The priyayi class formed the Javanese bureaucracy, and its claim to rule was based on traditional notions of authority and the support of the Dutch colonial state. However, the roots of its authority were deteriorating by the 1950s. The anti-feudal rhetoric of the nationalists attacked core priyayi privileges, while their support from the general populace weakened. The miracle, perhaps, was how they managed to survive relatively well as a group into the 1950s and 1960s. In an analysis of the country’s elite in the early New Order period, Donald Emmerson showed that the fundamental classification of the Indonesian elite remained the same until the early 1970s, with abangan in control of the bureaucracy and santri in control of Parliament, and both aliran having an equal share of control of the military.

As a social group, the priyayi had institutional assistance in overcoming the difficulties of transitioning to a modern Indonesian state. The