Ysay marasigan biography graphic organizers

Abstract

Insecticides play a critical role in controlling the spread of insect-borne diseases and preserving crop health. These chemical substances are specifically formulated to kill or manage insect populations. Over the years, various types of insecticides have been developed, including organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, and neonicotinoids, each with unique modes of action, physiological targets, and efficacy. Despite the advantages that insecticides offer, it is imperative to recognize the potential consequences on non-target species, the environment, and human health. It is therefore crucial to follow recommended label instructions and employ integrated pest management practices for the judicious use of insecticides. This review article provides an in-depth examination of the various types of insecticides, including their modes of action, physiological targets, environmental and human health impacts, and alternatives. The aim is to furnish a comprehensive overview of insecticides and to emphasize the significance of responsible and sustainable utilization.

Keywords: insecticides, pest management, environmental sustainability, carbamates, organophosphates, neonicotinoids, organochlorines, biological control, resistance, biopesticides

1. Introduction

The definition of insecticide is any toxic substance that is used to eradicate and control insect populations (these include ovicides and larvicides for eggs and larvae, respectively). Such compounds are primarily used to control pests that infest cultivated plants, or to eliminate disease-carrying insects in specific areas. The earliest documented insecticide compounds were substances such as sulfur, heavy metals, salts, and even plant extracts (e.g., Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium formerly known as Dalmatian pyrethrum) [1,2,3,4]. The use of elemental and/or natural compounds for pest control started at the very dawn of agriculture and has continued, in some cases, to be used to the present day.

Jihadist militant group in the southwestern Philippines

This article is about the Filipino Islamist group. For individuals known as Abu Sayyaf and other uses, see Abu Sayyaf (disambiguation).

Abu Sayyaf (; Arabic: جماعة أبو سياف; Jamāʿat Abū Sayyāf, ASG), officially known by the Islamic State as the Islamic State – East Asia Province, was a Jihadistmilitant and pirate group that followed the Wahhabi doctrine of Sunni Islam. It was based in and around Jolo and Basilan islands in the southwestern part of the Philippines, where for more than five decades, Moro groups had been engaged in an insurgency seeking to make Moro Province independent. The group was considered violent and was responsible for the Philippines' worst terrorist attack, the bombing of MV Superferry 14 in , which killed people. The name of the group was derived from Arabic abu (أبو; "father of"), and sayyaf (سيّاف; "swordsmith"). As of April&#;, the group was estimated to have about 20 members, down from 1, in They used mostly improvised explosive devices, mortars and automatic rifles.

The group has carried out bombings, kidnappings, assassinations and extortion. It has been involved in criminal activities, including rape, child sexual assault, forced marriage,drive-by shootings and drug trafficking. The goals of the group "appear to have alternated over time between criminal objectives and a more ideological intent".

The group was designated as a terrorist group by Australia, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States. From January 15, , to February 24, , fighting Abu Sayyaf becam